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Anecdote Text

Definition and Social Function of Anecdote
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.

Generic Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Reaction
5. Coda

Language Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words; it's awful!, it's wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense

News Item Text

Definition of News Item
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.

Generic Structure of News Item
1. Main event
2. Elaboration (background, participant, time, place)
3. Resource of information

Language Feature of News Item
1. Focusing on circumstances
2. Using material process

Hortatory Exposition Text

Definition of Hortatory Exposition
Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way.

Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation

Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition
1. Focusing on the writer
2. Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc
3. Using action verb
4. Using thinking verb
5. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc
6. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc
7. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc
8. Using passive voice
9. Using simple present tense

Spoof Text

Definition and Social Function of Spoof
Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.

Generic Structure of Spoof
1. Orientation
2. Events
3. Twist

Language Feature of Spoof
1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order

Review Text

Definition of Review
Review is a text which presents critical analysis on events or works for readers or public audiences.

Generic Structure of Review
1. Introduction
2. Evaluation
3. Interpretation
4. Summary

Language Feature of Review
1. Focusing on certain participants
2. Using adjectives; bad, good, etc
3. Using complex clauses
4. Using metaphor

Many people call platypus duckbill because this animal has a bill like duckbill. Platypus is a native Tasmania and southern and eastern Australia.
Platypus has a flat tail and webbed feet. Its body length is 30 to 45 cm and covered with a thick, and woolly layer of fur. Its bill is detecting prey and stirring up mud. Platypus' eyes and head are small. It has no ears but has ability to sense sound and light.
Platypus lives in streams, rivers, and lakes. Female platypus usually dig burrows in the streams or river banks. The burrows are blocked with soil to protect it from intruders and flooding. In the other hand, male platypus does not need any burrow to stay.

Analyzing on the Text
Generic Structure analysis
General classification; stating general classification, the animal of platypus.
Description; describing in detail characterization of platypus' body and habitual life
Language Feature Analysis
Focusing in group; the animal of platypus
conditional, logical connective; but, in the other hand
Simple present tense pattern; Platypus lives in streams, male platypus does not need any burrow, etc

Discussion Text

Definition of Discussion
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.

Generic Structure of Discussion
Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed
List of supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point
Recommendation; stating the writer' recommendation of the discourse

Language Feature of Discussion
Introducing category or generic participant
Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however, etc
Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc

Explanation Text

Definition and purposes of Explanation
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say 'why' and 'how' about the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.

Generic structure of Explanation
General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.

Language Feature of Explanation
Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc
Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc
Using passive voice pattern
Using simple present tense

Text can be classified into several types. The term of 'type' is sometime stated as 'genre'. These types of text are Narrative, Report, Analytical Exposition, Procedure, Recount, Spoof, Anecdote, Discussion, Description, Explanation, Review, Hortatory, News Item, etc.
These classification on type of text are based on analysis of three main elements of text. These elements of text are:
The purpose of the text; why is the text made?, what is text made for by its writer
The generic structure of the text; analyzing the used structure in composing the text, in what way is the text constructed by its writer.
The language feature; taking a look at the linguistic characterizations of the text, what kind of language feature is used to build the text by its writer.
However, a text is not pure form. It is a mixture of genre. In many examples, report text is sometime mixed with explanation text. Recount text is compromised to report or descriptive type. Texts do not always conform perfectly to the typical classifications. Understanding types of text should be aimed as understanding general guiding principles. Studying types of text should be read as studying genres, and not for a factual direction in writing a text.

Let me remind you my experience during an earthquake last week. When the earthquake happened, I was on my car. I was driving home from my vocation to Bali.
Suddenly my car lunched to one side, to the left. I thought I got flat tire. I did not know that it was an earthquake. I knew it was an earthquake when I saw some telephone and electricity poles falling down to the ground, like matchsticks.
Then I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by the rock. Even I could not move my car at all. There were rocks everywhere. There was nothing I could do but left the car and walked along way to my house, in the town.
When I reached my town, I was so surprised that there was almost nothing left. The earthquake made a lot of damage to my town. Although nothing was left, I thanked God that nobody was seriously injured.

Analyzing the Text
Generic Structure Analysis
Orientation; introducing the participant, using first person point of view, I was on the car las week.
Events; describing a series of event which happened. The car lunched to one side. Telephone and electricity poles was falling down, etc.
Re-orientation; stating the writer's personal note. Thanking God because nobody was seriously injured.
Language Feature Analysis
Using personal participant; I
Using chronological connectives; then, and, suddenly
Using linking verb; was, were
Using action verb; moved, left, walked, made, etc
Using simple past tense pattern; earthquake happened, I was on the car, my car lunched on one side, etc

Planting is a nice activity in our spare time. The following is guided information on how to plant a chili-plant easily. Here are the steps.
Firstly, dry a handful seeding under the sunlight
Secondly, put the seeding on the soil. It should be in open area
Next, wait it. There will come out the sprout after that let it be bigger.
Finally, put it in another big pot. It will soon grow bigger and bigger and yield us some fresh chilies soon.

Analyzing the Text
Generic Structure Analysis
Goal; informing on how to plant chillies.
Material; excluded
Steps; showing the steps or method in planting chillies; from drying seed to putting the sprout in big pot.

language Feature Analysis
Imperative sentences; dry a handful seeding, put it, etc
Action verb; put, dry, etc
Temporal conjunction; next, finally, firstly, secondly
Simple present tense pattern; planting is a nice activity, the following is a guided information

Once upon a time there was a girl called Cinderella. She lived with her stepsisters. They were very bossy. They made Cinderella do all the housework.
One day an invitation to the ball came to the family. Her stepsisters would not let her go. Cinderella was sad because she wanted to go to the ball too. Her stepsisters went to the ball without her.
Fortunately, the fairy Godmother came and helped her to get to the ball. At the ball, Cinderella dance with the prince. The prince fell in love with her then married her. They lived happily ever after.


Analyzing the Text
Generic Structure Analysis
Orientation; introducing participants, Cinderella and her stepsisters. They lived together once time
Complication; describing the conflict among the participants. Cinderella wanted to come to the ball but her stepsisters did not let her go
Resolution; stating a problem solving, a happy ending. A fairy Godmother helped her to come to the ball

Language Feature Analysis
Process verb; did, helped, fell in love, lived
Simple past tense pattern; there was a girl, she lived, an invitation came to the ball, etc

Report Text

Definition of Report
Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis

Generic Structure of Report
1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general
2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials

Language Feature of Report
• Introducing group or general aspect
• Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc
• Using simple present tense

Recount Text

Definition of Recount
Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience. There is no complication among the participants and that differentiates from narrative

Generic Structure of Recount
1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time
2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past
3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story

Language Feature of Recount
• Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc
• Using chronological connection; then, first, etc
• Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc
• Using action verb; look, go, change, etc
• Using simple past tense

When I was in the 7th grade, I learned the secret to great writing. It had nothing to do with syntax, vocabulary, or sentence structure. The secret was one word,"describe".

When I was 13, I didn't quite understand the importance of my teacher's words when she said, "Don't tell me but show me." That, right there, is the key to great writing.

At some time, we've have heard someone tell a great story. We have sat straight up in our chair. We completely enthralled in his words and movements. With eager eyes, we followed the swing of his hand gestures and noted every swift change of facial expressions. We were like putty in his hands, eating up every word and ready to go wherever the story leds us.

Why does that story affect on us? Well, it's not so much the story itself, but rather the delivery of that story. Anyone can tell a story, but not everyone can make you relive it. A great storyteller puts you in the action of the story, turning a memory, an idea, or a dream into an interactive experience.

In writing, we don't have the option of physical gestures or facial expressions. Everything we do relies on words. Therefore, our words must be powerful enough to stand on their own. They must be strong enough to place the reader in the story; to make them feel as if they are in the very shoes of the one who wrote or experienced it.

As E. L. Doctorow says, "Good writing is supposed to evoke sensation in the reader. Not the fact that it is raining, but the feeling of being rained upon." This distinction is what separates writing from good writing. It is what produces an affect on your reader that cannot be easily shaken. Sure, anyone can tell them it's raining, but not everyone can make them feel it.

As a writer, my job is not to make you think of rain, or remember the last time you felt rain, but to have you experience a specific rain -- my rain. No, not the warm, gentle rain that lulls you to sleep at night. Not the cool and refreshing rain that sweeps in the crisp autumn air. The kind of cold rain that bitterly pecks at the back of your exposed neck like a hungry crane. Yes, that kind of rain.

Writing, in essence, is all about communication; and the clearest form of communication comes with detailed description. So if you want to be a good writer, don't just write for the sake of telling a story but write for the opportunity of sharing the experience. Use your words to make your readers feel and experience your story just as you have.



Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Gina_Sare

Classification here is viewed both as a simplification and an organizing tool.

By simplification, you break complex notions into a straightforward and uncomplicated grouping and organizing. This also arranges a wide array of data into a coherent order.

Classification

The process involves grouping members with a common attribute under one category. But it goes beyond this simple common sense approach. A consideration of the impetus behind the endeavor must also be explored. Why do you choose to classify the subjects according to a particular attribute?

A Unifying Standard

As expected, every single object or idea has a multitude of attributes and can be classified in a lot of ways. This can cause unduly confusion to the writer and to the reader as well if the former is unable to come to terms with the whole process.

To solve this inevitable complication, you must have a unifying principle in place (i.e. a thesis statement). This helps ensure that you are geared toward a particular direction and that you don't fall prey to the common mistakes encountered when classifying.

The list includes using too many or too little categories and choosing the wrong set of categories (quantitative and qualitative merits of the categories).

Writing Methodology

Given that you are well equipped in the arena of classification process, we go to the question of writing style. The basic rule is that you must focus on a single specific category in every paragraph. And for each paragraph, you must have a proper labeling (name the category), followed by an indication of the group's common attributes.

You then name the members of the group after which you illustrate specific examples or situations. Aside from labeling the group members' similarities, indicate what separates them from those that constitute the other categories or groups (what makes them unique from others?). You can follow this same pattern for every paragraph.

Simple Tips

Do your homework. Gaining a deep knowledge on your topic will make you better at the classifying process and will help you give it a more insightful discussion. So go on, surf through the Internet and be an expert in your chosen topic.

You can also try making your essay more convincing by setting a defining factor that separates it from other papers written in the same style. The knowledge you got from your research should be helpful. You can also go back to the basics by redefining your writing style. For one, you must follow the basic requirement in formal written communication-keep your sentences short.

It goes without saying that your sentences must be clear and concise; also avoid highfalutin words. There really is no need for flowery words in this type of composition. The best route to take is simplicity.

Another basic in written communications-start with a draft and make the necessary revisions. Writing needs a meticulousness factor and a classification essay is not any different.



Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Sarah_Brodie

The emergence of the internet has given internet entrepreneurs many ways to make money. Writers are one group that have benefited from their talents as a result in the rise of internet based jobs.

Blog writing is an increasingly popular way to earn money online. determined by the owner of the blog. They are very popular because of the blogs are usually written on a certain subject area but can vary as its content is heir simplicity to get up and running. There are many free websites out there that will help you set up your own blog if you choose to go that route because blog plus advertisement is a potential money

Article writing is also a good money to earn money online. Make sure to gear your articles to promote and advertise you own business ventures. These articles are a free way to market the products and services you offer for free. The most effective advertising with these articles comes from the dialogue box that is inserted at the end of each article. These dialogue boxes contain links to basically any website you would like to drive traffic to. For instance, you might have one link in your dialogue box to a product you are selling and one to a blog where you are promoting a discussing other products.

Writing takes some time to gain credibility through but once it's done' earning potential can become very powerful.

Simplified from: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Michael_Noto


Analyzing on the Text
Generic Structure Analysis
Thesis; Writing is good in making money online
Argument 1; blog is a potentially earning money
Argumant 2; writing articles is good in earning money
Conclusion; credible writer is powerful to make money online

Language Feature Analysis
Simple present tense; Blog writing is an increasingly popular way to earn money online, Writing takes some time to gain credibility, etc
Causal conjunction ; because, etc

writing something for your business can be pretty intimidating. Well, you don't have to.
Here's a simple checklist to follow. I'm not saying that following these rules will make your company the next Google, but it will help.

Firstly, take the topic of benefits, not features. Your customers don't care about you. They want to know "What's in it for me?"

Secondly, write your benefit like you talk it. Use regular words. Read aloud what you've written. How does it sound?

Thirdly, lose the weak words. Don't describe how your company may, might or should help customers but talk about how your company will.

Fourthly, Use a nice rhythm. Some sentences are long and some are short. Mix them up and keep things interesting.

Fifthly,re-read what you've done before publishing. Edit it necesarily. It's so easy to make mistakes which you don't notice the first time through.

Simplified from: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Daniel_F_O'connor

Analyzing the Text
Generic Structure Analysis
Goal; informing on how to write for business
Material; excluded
Steps/ method; showing the method in writing for business; choosing the advantageous topic, writing the topic like the way it is talked, re-reading what have been written .

Language Feature Analysis
Imperative sentences; write like you talked, re-read what you have done, etc
Action verb; write, read, etc
Temporal conjunction, firstly, secondly, etc

The writer uses reasons and examples to add substance to his or her point of view. Contradicting viewpoints are also mentioned to add more credibility to the argument.

What You Need to Include in Your Composition

You only have to follow the basics in writing compositions. You start with an introduction that gives the readers a clear picture of what your essay is all about. Then you spill out all the important points and details in the main body. Finally, you wrap up the discussion with a conclusion that convinces the reader of your point. To discuss in detail:

- Introduction

This is where you give a brief statement on what your topic is about. You also point out what your standpoint is.

- Main Body

This is where you give a full discussion on your reasons for supporting the standpoint. You also state specific examples, anything that will make your point convincing.

Don't forget to mention opposing ideas. Make sure though that you present them as a weaker viewpoint. Your goal is to argue your case, to make it the more credible perspective.

- Conclusion Here, give a brief summary of the important points you have discussed. You must also restate your position on the argument.

What To Avoid

- Avoid informal language.
Do not use colloquial or slang words. You must write in a formal style.
- Avoid informal abbreviations
The key is to keep it formal. Keep your words at their basic form.
- Avoid beating around the bush
Be brief and concise. Keep your sentences short.
- Avoid using statistics without proper citation. Using statistics without proper referencing is a big No No in any type of writing. An opinion article is no exception.

What You Must Do

Be firm with your stance

You must be decided on the viewpoint you wish to support. This will help you make your argument convincing. This will also keep you from beating around the bush. Communicate

Talk to your audience. Be direct. Be conversational. Your goal is to convince the reader that your opinion makes total sense. Be convincing

Make a list of reasons and examples that support your standpoint. Be passionate. Appeal to the emotions of the reader using an intelligent approach. You can use anecdotes or any idea that gives substance to your opinion. Feel free to refer to unusual facts. Do not forget to keep your writing style formal though.

Be coherent

Write effective paragraphs. Start with main points and avoid using long sentences. Use linking words and conjunctions to keep your sentences, paragraphs and ideas coherent.

One important ingredient when writing your composition is to be genuinely interested in what you are communicating. Do not choose to argue on a position that you don't believe in.

The bottom line is that your argument essay must come from the heart; otherwise, you audience is likely to read right through you.

Sarah Brodie supports Free Essay Writing Help to give students open source of how to write good, non-plagiarized and well-formatted argumentative essays.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Sarah_Brodie

Procedure Text

Definition of Procedure

Procedure is a text that show a process in order. Its social function is to describe how something is completely done through a sequence of series

Generic Structure of Procedure

1. Goal: showing the purpose

2. Material: Telling the needed materials

3. Step 1-end: Describing the steps to achieve the purpose

Language Feature of Procedure

· Using temporal conjunction

· Using action verb

· Using imperative sentence

· Using Simple Present Tense

Analytical Exposition Text

Definition of Analytical Exposition
Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.

Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition
1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position
2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position
3. Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position

Language Features of Analytical Exposition
  • Using relational process
  • Using internal conjunction
  • Using causal conjunction
  • Using Simple Present Tense

Narrative Text

Definition of Narrative

Narrative is a text focusing specific participants. Its social function is to tell stories or past events and entertain the readers.

Generic Structure of Narrative

A narrative text will consists of the following structure:

1. Orientation: Introducing the participants and informing the time and the place

2. Complication: Describing the rising crises which the participants have to do with

3. Resolution: Showing the way of participant to solve the crises, better or worse

Language Features of Narrative

· Using processes verbs

· Using temporal conjunction

· Using Simple Past Tense

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