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Possessive Determiners

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Possessive determiners are a part of speech that used in front of a noun to express possession or belonging (as in "my phone").


The possessive determiners in English are my, your, his, her, its, our, and their.


Possessive adjectives/determiners can eliminate repetition in a sentence by replacing a determiner phrase. They allow us, for example, to say the girl took off her glasses instead of the girl took off the girl's glasses.
Possessive determiners are sometimes called possessive adjectives, weak possessive pronouns, or simply possessives.

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Prepositional Phrases

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Ways for Identifying Phrases

Many students are still confused with ways for identifying Phrases. Here, I will give you some explanation about ways for identifying phrases. There are several ways to identify a phrase.

·         Adjective Phrase (AP)

ADJECTIVE PHRASE (AP) can be identified by some ways. One of the characteristic is the Head word is an adjective.

Here are some examples:

Diana is [AP clever]
The nurse is [AP very late]
My niece is [AP fond of animals]

There also another way to identify phrases, especially adjective phrases. The pre-Head string in an AP is most commonly an adverb phrase such as very or extremely. Adjective Heads may be followed by a post-Head string:

[AP happy to meet you]          
[AP ready to go]
[AP afraid of the dark]

A small number of adjective Heads must be followed by a post-Head string. The adjective Head fond is one of these. Compare:

My sister is [AP fond of animals]
*My sister is [fond]

·         Adverb Phrase (AdvP)

Adverb phrase can also be identified by two ways. In an ADVERB PHRASE, the Head word is an adverb. Most commonly, the pre-Head string is another adverb phrase:

Shinta graduated [AdvP very recently]
Ashley left [AdvP quite suddenly]

In AdvPs, there is usually no post-Head string, but here's a rare example:

[AdvP Unfortunately for him], his wife came home early

·         Prepositional Phrase (PP)

There also some ways for identifying prepositional phrases.

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES usually consist of a Head -- a preposition -- and a post-Head string only. Here are some examples:

[PP through the window]
[PP over the bar]
[PP across the line]
[PP after midnight]

This makes PPs easy to recognize -- they nearly always begin with a preposition (the Head). A pre-Head string is rarely present, but here are some examples:

[PP straight through the window]
[PP right over the bar]
[PP just after midnight]

I think those is some ways for identify phrases in English. For more information, please feel free to contact me or visit here again at www.enjoy2learn-english.blogspot.com


Using Colon Correctly

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Using Colon

To use Colon, there are some terms and condition that must be fulfilled. They are:
1.      Colons are used before explanations.
Example
  • We decided to cancel the match: it was raining.
2.      A colon can be used when direct speech is introduced by a name or short phrase.
Example:

3.      Colons can also used when famous sayings are quoted.
  •  ‘Reading makes a full man, writing an exact man, speaking a ready man.’ Said Bacon.
  • Polonius: ‘What do you read, my lord?’
  • ‘Words, words, words.’ (Hamlet)

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Tips: How to Write a Good Story in English

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Story Writing Tips

There are many story writing tips. Here I will give you some of them. The first you need to tell a story well is some practice. They are:
·         A good story writer has a plan to what he wants to write about and looks ahead as he tells the story.
The point above is the most important one. To write a story, the writer should make a plan about what will he or she wants to write about,
·         The writer must have the whole plot clear in your mind.
You must also have the main points arranged in their proper order.
·         To be a good story writer you must have a fertile imagination.

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Conjunctions and Their Usage

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Some Conjunctions and Their Usage
 There are many conjunctions in English. Now I will explain it one by one.

Than
The function of THAN is to follow an adjective or adverb in the comparative degree.
Example:
  • Wisdom is better than riches.
  • He is wiser than I am.
  • I am smarter than you are.
Lest
Although it is rarely used, it can be categorized to conjunction. Lest can be used as a subordinating conjunction expressing a negative purpose. Lest has a similar meaning to ‘for fear that’. As I mentioned previously, lest is rarely used in English, even in modern English. It is important to know that the only auxiliary that can follow lest is should.
EXAMPLE
  • He fled lest he should be killed.
While
While is also one of conjunction. While has some meaning. While used to mean:
a) During the time that; as long as; as
  • While the sun is still rise, there is a hope.
  • While I was sleeping, my mother came in.

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Attributive Adjectives After Nouns

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Attributive adjectives after nouns

Hola! Today, Mr. Enjoy wants to talk about Attributive adjectives afternouns. In English, many adjectives can go in two main places in a sentence. They are in attributive position and predicative position. I will explain both of them.
1.     
In attributive position

An adjective comes before the noun it modifies. Look at examples below:
  • Nolan is a nice girl.
  • Jean married a rich businessman.
2.      In predicative position

An adjective goes after the verb. Look at examples below:
  • Nolan is nice.
  • He looked upset.
While attributive adjectives usually go before the nouns, a few can be used after nouns. This happens in some fixed phrases. Look at examples below:
  • Secretary General
  • Poet Laureate
  • Attorney General
  • Court martial
Some adjectives ending in -able/-ible can also be used after nouns.
  • It is the only solution possible.
  • Book all the tickets available.
After something, everything etc.
Adjectives come after words like something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody, anywhere etc.
  • I would like to go somewhere quiet. (NOT I would like to go quiet somewhere.)
  • I heard something interesting today. (NOT I heard interesting something today.)
In most expressions of measurement adjectives come after the measurement noun.
  • ten years older (NOT Older ten years) (NOT ten older years)
  • six feet deep
  • two miles long

Here is the formula:

VERB + OBJECT + ADJECTIVE

Adjectives can be placed after the object.
  • You make me happy.
  • Can you get the children ready for school?

Adjective Phrase

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Hola! Mr. Enjoy feels so sorry because in few days ago, Mr. Enjoy did not post any article. It was because Mr. Enjoy have to do the mid term examination. But don’t worry. Today Mr. Enjoy back to you again and we will discuss about Adjective Phrases.

In an adjective phrases sentence, sometimes a group of words does the work of an adjective.
Study two examples below:
  • The minister was a wealthy man.
  • The minister was a man of great wealth.
In the first example, the adjective wealthy says what sort of man the mayor was. In the second example, the group of words ‘of great wealth’ also says the same thing. It qualifies the noun man as an adjective does. Therefore, it does the work of an adjective. It is called an adjective phrase.

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RECOGNIZING ACTIVE AND PASSIVE MEANINGS

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RECOGNIZING ACTIVE AND PASSIVE MEANINGS

Sometimes, in English there is no object (with or without by) after a verb. Don’t be panic, man! Thing that you should do is you must look at the meaning of the sentence to determine if the verb should be active or passive. Sentences with an incorrect passive verb and no by + object to tell you that the verb should be passive are the most difficult passive errors to recognize on the English Language Tests. Here I give you examples:

  • ·         They mailed the package at the post office.
  • ·         The letter was mailed by them today before noon.
  • ·         The letter was mailed today before noon.
  • ·         The letter mailed* today before noon.

The first three examples above are correct. The reason is because it has the active verb mailed used with the object package.
The second example has the passive verb was mailed used with by us.
The third sentence has the passive verb was mailed used without an object.
The fourth example is the type of passive error that appears most often on the TOEFL test. This type of sentence has the following characteristics: (1) an incorrect passive verb that looks like a correct active verb, and (2) no by + object to tell you that a passive is needed. To correct the fourth example, the active verb needs to be changed to the passive was mailed.

To determine that such a sentence is incorrect, you must study the meaning of the subject and the verb. You must ask yourself if the subject does the action of the verb (so an active verb is needed) or if the subject receives the action of the verb (so a passive verb is needed). In the incorrect example, you should study the meaning of the subject and verb, the letter mailed. You should ask yourself if a letter mails itself (the letter does the action) or if someone mails a letter (the letter receives the action of being mailed). Since a letter does not mail itself, the passive is required in this sentence.

The following chart outlines the difference in meaning between active and passive verbs:

I think that is enough
See you in the next post!
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Mr. Enjoy

USING PASSIVE VOICE CORRECTLY

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USING THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PASSIVE VOICE CORRECTLY

As I mentioned in the previous post, passive voice can be tested in the English Language Testing. Te passive voice can be tested in some ways. One of them is the passive can be tested on the TOEFL test with an incorrect form of the passive. I will give you example. The following sentences are examples of passive errors that sometimes tested in English Language Testing, especially TEFL test:

  • ·         The portrait was painting* by Jonathan.
  • ·         The project will finished* by John.
Look at the first example. We can found that there is the passive formed incorrectly because the past participle painted should be used rather than the present participle painting.
Now look at the second example. We can found that there is the verb be that has not been included, and some form of be is necessary for a passive verb. The verb in the second sentence should be will be finished. The following chart outlines the way to form the passive correctly:



I think That is enough
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See you in the next post!

Mr. Enjoy

Converting Active Voice into Passive Voice

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(Changing active sentence into passive sentence)

PROBLEMS WITH PASSIVE VERBS

In the English language testing, in this case TOEFL test, there are sometimes sentences which have the error in an incorrect passive. So, you should be able to recognize the correct form of the passive. You should also be able to determine when a passive verb rather than an active verb is needed in a sentence.

There is a significance difference between passive and active sentence. The difference between an active and a passive verb is in its subject. The subject in an active sentence does the action of the verb. In contrast, the subject in a passive sentence receives the action of the verb. Active sentence can be converted into passive sentence, but you should make two changes. They are:
1.      The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence. In contrast, the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.

2.      The verb in the passive sentence is formed by putting the helping verb be in the same form as the verb in the active sentence and then adding the past participle of this verb.

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USING THE IRREGULAR -ER, -ER STRUCTURE CORRECTLY

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USING THE IRREGULAR -ER, -ER STRUCTURE CORRECTLY

This post is the next part of the previous post. We will continue to study Superlative and Comparative.

An irregular comparative structure consists of two parallel comparatives that introduced by the.

  • ·         The harder he tried, the further he fell behind.
  • ·         The older the children are, the more their parents expect from them.


In the first example, it contains the two parallel comparatives the harder and the further.
In the second example, it contains the two parallel comparatives the older and the more.
In this type of sentence, the and its comparison can be followed by a number of different structures. Take a look at these examples:
  • ·         The more children you have, the bigger the house you need.
  • ·         The harder you work, the more you accomplish.
  • ·         The greater the experience, the higher the salary will produced.

In the first example, the more is followed by the noun children and the subject and verb you have, while the bigger is followed by the noun the house and the subject and verb you need.
In the second example, the harder is followed by the subject and verb you work. Then, the more is followed by the subject and verb you accomplish.
In the third example, the greater is followed only by the noun the experience. Then, the higher is followed only by the noun the salary. You should consider that this last example does not even contain a verb, yet it is a correct structure in English.

The following chart outlines this irregular -er, -er structure:


I think that is enoug for now

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Mr. Enjoy

USING COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES CORRECTLY

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USING COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES CORRECTLY

In the previous post, we have discussed Comparative and Superlative. Now, we will learn about how to use comparative and Superlative correctly.

In the English test, Especially TOEFL Test, another problem with the comparative and superlative is that they can be used incorrectly. The comparative and superlative have different uses. You should understand these different usages to answer such questions correctly.

The comparative is used to compare two equal things. Take a look at the two examples below:
  • ·         My bedroom is larger than Sissy’s bedroom.
  • ·         Juana is more intelligent than Susanna.

In the first sentence, My Bedroom is being compared with Sissy’s Bedroom.
 In the second sentence, Juana is being compared with Susanna.

The superlative is used when there are more than two items to compare and you want to show the one that is the best, the biggest, or in some way the most outstanding.
  • ·         My bedroom is the largest room in my home.
  • ·         Juana is the most intelligent of all the students in the class.

In the first sentence, my bedroom is compared with all the other rooms in my home, and my bedroom is larger than each of the other rooms.
In the second sentence, Juana is compared with all the other students in the class, and Juana is more intelligent than each of the other students.
The following chart outlines the uses of comparatives and superlatives:


I think it is enough
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Mr. Enjoy

USING PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COMPARISONS

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USING PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COMPARISONS

Hmm… This post is also the next part of the previous post. :D Okay, let’s go to the point.

When you make a comparison, you must point out the similarities or differences between two different things, and those similarities or differences must be in parallel form. You can recognize a comparison showing how is the difference of those two things from the -er... than or the more ... than.
Look at the example below:
·         My school is farther than your school.
·         To be rich is better than to be poor.
·         What is written is more easily understood than what is spoken.
·         (same structure) (same structure)
A comparison showing the similarities or how two things are the same might contain as ... as or expressions such as the same as or similar to. Look at the examples below:
·         Jonathan’s car is as good as Nathaniel’s car.
·         Renting those apartments costs about the same as leasing them.
·         The phone that Jack brings is similar to the phone that Hannah has.
Look at the following chart:


USING PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS

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THE USAGE OF PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS

Hello, with me again Mr. Enjoy. Today, we sill discuss about parallel structure with paired conjunctions. In the previous post, we have discussed about USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS. This is the next part of the previous post.

The paired conjunctions both... and, either.... or, neither.... nor, and not only ... but also require parallel structures.
  1. à   You know both where I went and what I did.
  2. à   Either Mickey or Susanna has the book.
  3. à   The books are neither in my bag nor in my white box.
  4. à   Steven is not only an excellent student but also an outstanding athlete.

The following statement is not parallel, and it must be corrected:
à   He wants either to go by train or by plane*.
Have you realized that? It is not correct because to go by train is not parallel to by plane. It can be corrected in some ways like below:
à   He wants either to go by train or to go by plane.
à   He wants to go either by train or by plane.
à   He wants to go by either train or plane.
When you are using these paired conjunctions, be sure that the correct parts are used together. The following are incorrect:
à   You want both this book or* that one.
à   Either Susanna nor* Stephanie is taking the course.
Did you know why those sentences are incorrect? Yes, you are right. These sentences are incorrect because the wrong parts of the paired conjunctions are used together. In the first example, the word and should be used with both. In the second statement, the word or should be used with either.
Look at the chart below. It outlines the use of parallel structure with paired conjunctions:


What is Conjunction?

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Conjunction and Compounding


Hula… Today, Mr. Enjoy wants to tell you about Conjunction and Compounding. Let’s start the killing!

“Conjunction is a word that connects other words, phrases, or sentences”

The words includes and, but, or, because. A conjunction joins two words, phrases or sentences together. Here are the examples:

But, so, and, because, or

And here are some characteristics of Conjunctions:

·      Conjunction is an uninfluenced function word that serves to conjoin words, or phrases, clauses or sentences.
·      Conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, phrases, or clauses together.
·      Conjunction mostly derived from other parts of speech, particularly prepositions.
·      Conjunction is a small class of words.
·      Conjunction has function as non-movable structure words that join such units as parts of speech, phrases, clauses, or sentences.


·     
There are two types of conjunctions:
a)         Coordinate Conjunctions
b)         Subordinate Conjunctions

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Phrases in a Sentence

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ENGLISH PHRASE

In English, sentences are not formed by simply stringing words together.

Sentences have a hierarchical design that some words are grouped together into successively larger structural units. This structural unit is called phrases.

In English grammar, a phrase defined as a group of words that has functions as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. Beside that, Phrase can also be defined as a term used in grammatical analysis to refer to a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clauses.
The meaning of a phrase is a slot in which one or more words can occur, or indeed other phrases can occur.

A phrase is a syntactic structure which has syntactic properties derived from its head. A phrase can contain another phrase, such as the rather intriguing results of the examination. A phrase can also contain a clause, such as the woman who came to see him. Phrases can be extended indefinitely.

Different types of phrase have different types of head. Phrases occur in clauses, but clauses can also occur inside phrases
A complex phrase consists of several words, whereas a simple phrase consists of only one word. This terminology is especially often used with verb phrases:
•          Simple past and present are simple verb, which require just one verb
•          Complex verb have one or two aspects added, hence require additional two or three words  "Complex", which is phrase-level, is often confused with "compound", which is word-level. However, there are certain phenomena that formally seem to be phrases but semantically are more like compounds, like "women's magazines", which has the form of a possessive noun phrase, but which refers (just like a compound) to one specific lexeme (i.e. a magazine for women and not some magazine owned by a woman).

Kinds of Phrases

Phrases can be classified by the type of head (vs. Tail) they take

1.      Prepositional phrase (PP)
This phrase has a preposition as head (e.g. in love, over the rainbow). Languages that use postpositions instead have postpositional phrases. The two types are sometimes commonly referred to as ad positional phrases.

2.      Noun phrase (NP)
This phrase has a noun as head (e.g. the black cat, a cat on the mat)
Please come in vs. She goes down + ?

3.      Verb phrase (VP)
This phrase has a verb as head (e.g. eat cheese, jump up and down)

4.      Adjectival phrase
This phrase has an adjective as head (e.g. full of toys)

5.      Adverbial phrase
This phrase has an adverb as head (e.g. very carefully)

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See you in the next Post! ^_^

Mr. Enjoy

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